1. Why Unicode?
Eight countries in East Asia use Han characters in their national scripts. The standards for encoding these characters were originally created locally, resulting in incompatible character sets implemented on incompatible platforms. This has been a source of frustration and technical barriers in the free interchange of information in East Asia.
These diverse character sets were unified in a scheme known as Han Unification in line with the general principles of a unified encoding standard known as Unicode/ISO 10646. While on the one hand this standard unifies the diverse glyph forms, at the same time it strictly maintains the distinctions found in the original national standards by assigning separate codepoints to each character in the original Chinese, Taiwanese, Japanese and Korean standards.
Unicode is the wave of the future. The Han character portion of Unicode, with a total of 20,902 characters, was published as Unicode Version 1.1 in 1992. Thereafter it was merged with the international standard known as ISO 10646, which was officially promulgated in May 1993. Japan and China have already adopted Unicode as their national standards, known as JIS X 0221 and GB 13000 respectively, while Korea and Taiwan will soon follow suit.
Interest in Unicode/ISO 10646 is increasing around the world, since it promises to serve as a universal character set and encoding scheme that will standardize and streamline the interchange and processing of multilingual information. Numerous Unicode-compliant applications are already available, and many more are under development.
2. The CJK Dictionary Publishing Society (CDPS)
The CJK Dictionary Publishing Society (CDPS) (“ú’†ŠØŽš“TЧs‰ï) was established in September 1995. The aim of the society is to promote research on and the implementation of Unicode and to help educate the public about its benefits. We are a private group, not dominated by industry or government, but are in contact with the government agencies concerned with Unicode matters. Our members include representatives from font vendors and publishers as well kanji researchers and Unicode authorities such as Dr. Ken Lunde and Dr. Martin Dürst.
3. The World's First Unicode Dictionary
Line Labo Co., Ltd., a Tokyo-based company specializing in Windows DTP, has taken the initiative to produce the world's first Unicode dictionary, which will be published by Toho Book Publishing Co., Ltd. (Дޮ‰ïŽÐ“Œ•û‘“X).
The dictionary is designed to promote the general understanding and use of Unicode and to become an invaluable resource for both programmers and general users. Scheduled for publication in 1996, this dictionary is much more than an extension of a national character standard dictionary.
Toshiaki Maeda of Line Labo is the coordinator and production manager for the project. Jack Halpern, Editor in Chief of the Kanji Dictionary Publishing Society, is the chief editor. We are fortunate to have Dr. Ken Lunde as our Editorial Consultant, and an international team of advisers consisting of world-renowned authorities on Unicode and CJK information processing.
The work of design and editing, including data collection and cross-checking, was greatly facilitated by the use of the Internet. The Internet served both as a source of data and as a medium of communication.
4. Vital Statistics Title English: DICTIONARY OF UNIFIED CJK CHARACTERS (provisional) -- for the Unicode TM Standard -- Japanese: “ú’†ŠØ“‡Š¿ŽšŽš“T --Unicode TM ‹KŠi‘Ήž-- (‰¼Ì) Publisher: Toho Book Publishing Co., Ltd. (Дޮ‰ïŽÐ“Œ•û‘“X) Chief Editor: JACK HALPERN, Research Fellow, Showa Women's University @@(Japan/Israel) @@Editor in Chief of Kanji Integrated Tools Project @@Kanji Dictionary Publishing Society Editorial: Dr. KEN LUNDE, Project Manager, CJK Type Development @@Consultant Adobe Systems Incorporated (USA) Advisers: Dr.sc. MARTIN DƒRST, Senior Research Associate @@Department of Computer Science, University of Zurich @@(Switzerland) CHRISTIAN WITTERN M.A. Ph.D. candidate @@East Asian Department, Göttingen University (Germany) @@Consultant, International Research Institute for Zen Buddhism, @@Hanazono University, Kyoto Prof. JAMES BREEN, Head, Department of Digital Systems @@Monash University (Australia) Asst. Prof. KOICHI YASUOKA, Kyoto University Data Processing @@Center (Japan) Dr. A. CHARLES MULLER, Assistant Professor of East Asian @@Philosophy and Religion, Toyo Gakuen University (Japan) Producer: TOSHIAKI MAEDA, Planning and Production @@Line Labo Co., Ltd., Tokyo Book Designer: HITOSHI SUZUKI Target Users: Computer users, government and administrative agencies, @@universities, software developer's, etc., especially in Japan Specifications: Approx. 1000 pages. Double-column pages with 32 entries per @@column. Page size: A5 (21cm high by 14.8 cm wide)
5. Overview
This dictionary brings together in a convenient handbook format the major national and corporate character set codes of the CJK characters defined by ISO/IEC 10646. Each character is given mappings to the principal national and regional standards as well as references to the Morohashi and Kangxi dictionaries, readings in Japanese, Mandarin, and Korean, and variant information.
It also include an extensive introduction to character encoding as well as various appendices and indices for readings and codes of national standards.
6. Front Matter
The front matter includes an in-depth introduction to Unicode and a full description of the dictionary's features. Han Unification, which is crucial for understanding the CJK part of Unicode, is discussed in detail, and the data sources and compilation through an international collaborative effort are documented. The preface is in Japanese, English, traditional and simplified Chinese, and Korean. Everything else is in Japanese and English.
7. Main Part
7.1 Main Entry
The main part of the dictionary list all the 20,902 Unicode Han characters with detailed information for each character. The entries are arranged by their traditional radicals, as they are in the Unicode standard. To facilitate rapid lookup, the outer page margins contain radical guides.
Once a character is found, either by codepoint, by form, or via an appendix, the reader obtains the following information:
- The Unicode code value
- The radical and the stroke count of the non-radical element
- A large glyph image of the character
- Mappings to the principal national and regional standards
- Location of the character in the Morohashi and Kangxi dictionaries
- Readings for Japanese (on and kun,) Chinese (Mandarin), and Korean
- A cross reference to variant forms (allographs)
Since Japan is the primary target of the first edition, the mappings to the Japanese standards are given in the following four forms: Kuten, JIS, Shift-JIS and EUC. Various classification symbols identify subsets such as Joƒbyoƒb Kanji, Jinmeiyoƒb Kanji, and others.
7.2 Font Selection
Finding a reasonable solution for selecting glyphs based on our priorities was particularly difficult. A basic requirement for this edition, whose primary target is Japan, was to use a Japanese glyph variant where applicable. In order of priority, the T (Taiwan), K (Korean), and G (China) columns of ISO 10646 were considered next, because T or K are frequently close to the glyph shape historically used in Japan. Several font vendors were contacted with these specifications; Dynalab, Inc. (Taiwan/Japan), was selected because they were able to adjust to our specifications and provide a complete font of acceptable quality.
7.3 Variant Information
The variant information for each character lists related character variants, with both a representative glyph and the code. For the understanding of the history, meaning, and use of Han characters, as well as the general rules of Han Unification and their consequences for each character, this variant information is extremely useful.
8. Appendices and Indices
Immediately following the main part, the Han character part of the compatibility section is documented. Most appendices are indices to the main part that refer to a Unicode codepoint from a national or regional standard code or from readings. One appendix is provided for locating the Unicode codepoint from each of:
- Japanese row/column, JIS, SJIS, and Japanese EUC codes
- Chinese GB codes, Taiwanese Big Five and CNS codes, Korean KS codes
- Japanese, Chinese, and Korean readings
9. Data Sources
The data originates from both public and private sources: data provided by the members of the editorial committee as well as data obtained from other sources. For all types of data, as many sources as possible were used, and extensive cross-checking was applied to ensure accuracy and integrity.
The editorial committee collaborated very closely both in designing the features and the layout of the dictionary and on collecting and cross-checking the data. Below is a description of the main data sources and technical expertise of the principal contributors.
Jack Halpern:
Reading data for frequent Japanese characters and some Chinese reading and variant data, from his well-known New-Japanese English Character Dictionary (Kenkyusha/NTC); extensive experience in dictionary compilation and publication.
Jim Breen:
Reading data, especially Japanese, for the Japanese character standards from his publicly available data collection. Editing and validation of Morohashi index numbers.
Ken Lunde:
Glyph variant data and Korean compatibility zone data from his book and his on-line documentation on East Asian character standards, experience with CJK character standards and font packaging and printing.
A. Charles Muller:
Contribution and editing of Korean readings based on his private data; advice on Korean.
Christian Wittern:
Chinese reading and conversion data from his publicly available Unicode Han-character properties database; software development for SGML-based coding of large texts.
Koichi Yasuoka:
Extraordinary collection of variant data; mapping and Chinese reading data and dictionary numbers.
Martin J. Dürst:
Production of Korean readings from the structure of the Korean standards, programming experience with Unicode, knowledge of kanji and font design.
In addition to the contributions by the members of the editorial committee, various other sources were used, especially:
Unicode, Inc.: Conversion tables to national/regional standards.
Taligent, Inc.: Readings in all necessary languages used mainly for cross-checking.
Anonymous (but perfectly legal) data source: Kangxi numbers.
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7. –{•¶ 7.1Žå‚ÈŒ©o‚µ€–Ú @Žš“T‚Ì–{‘̂̓†ƒjƒR[ƒhŠ¿Žš20,902‘S‚Ä‚ð–Ô—…‚µAŠeŽš‚É‚ÍÚ×î•ñ‚ªŒf‚°‚ç‚ê‚Ä‚¢‚éBƒ†ƒjƒR[ƒh‹KŠi‚Æ“¯—l‚ÉŒ©o‚µŽš‚Í]—ˆ‚Ì•”Žñ‡‚É”z—ñ‚³‚ê‚Ä‚¢‚éB‚Ü‚½‘f‘‚ŒŸõ‚Å‚«‚邿‚¤‚É—“ŠO‚ɂ͕”Žñî•ñ‚ª”z—ñ‚³‚ê‚Ä‚¢‚éB @ŒŸõ•„†ˆÊ’uAŽšŒ`–”‚Íõˆø‚É‚æ‚茩o‚µ‚ðŒŸõ‚·‚邯AŠeŒ©o‚µŽš‚Ì€–ڂɂ͎Ÿ‚Ìî•ñ‚ª—ñ‹“‚³‚ê‚Ä‚¢‚éB * ƒ†ƒjƒR[ƒh‚̔Ԇ * •”Žñ‚Æ•”Žñ•”ŠO‚Ì‰æ” * ‘å‚«‚ÈŒ©o‚µŽš * Œ»‘¶‚Ì‘‰ÆE’nˆæ‹KŠi‚̑ΉžƒR[ƒh * ”‹´‘势˜aŽ«“T‚ÆNà†Žš“T‚ł̎QƔԆ * “ú–{Œê‚̉¹ŒPA•W€’†‘Œê‚̓ǂÝAŠØ‘Œê‚Ì“Ç‚Ý * ˆÙ‘ÌŽš‚Ì‘ŠŒÝŽQÆî•ñ @¡‰ñ‚̔łł͓ú–{‚ðŽå—v‚È‘ÎÛ‚Æ‚µ‚½‚½‚ßA“ú–{‚̃R[ƒh‚ÍŽŸ‚Ì4‚‚̌`‘Ô‚ÅŒfÚ‚³‚ê‚Ä‚¢‚éB‹æ“_AJISAƒVƒtƒgJIS‚ÆEUCBŠeŽí‚Ì‹L†‚É‚æ‚èí—pŠ¿ŽšAl–¼Š¿Žš‚Ȃǂ̕”•ªW‡‚ª”»•ʂł«‚éB
7.2ƒtƒHƒ“ƒg‚Ì‘I‘ð @‚±‚̔łɂ¨‚¢‚Ä‚ÍA“ú–{‚̓ǎ҂ªŽå‚È‘ÎۂƂȂ邽‚ßAˆÈ‰º‚̂悤‚ÈŽ„‚½‚¿‚̊𖞂½‚·ŽšŒ`‚ð’T‚·‚±‚Ƃ͢“ï‚Èì‹Æ‚Å‚ ‚Á‚½B“ú–{Œê”łɗv‹‚³‚ê‚éŠî–{“I‚ÈðŒ‚ÍA‚Ü‚¸“ú–{‚Ì‹KŠi‚É‚»‚ÌŽš‚ª‚ ‚éꇂ͓ú–{‚ÌŽšŒ`‚ðÌ—p‚·‚邱‚Ƃł ‚éBŠ¿Žš‚ª“ú–{‚Ì‹KŠi‚ɂȂ¢ê‡‚ÍAISO 10646‚ÌTi‘ä˜p)AKiŠØ‘j‚ÆGi’†‘j‡‚ÉŽšŒ`‚ðÌ—p‚µ‚½B‚Æ‚¢‚¤‚Ì‚ÍT‚Ü‚½‚ÍK‚ÍA‚µ‚΂µ‚Γú–{‚Å—ðŽj“I‚ÉŽg‚í‚ê‚½ŽšŒ`‚ɋ߂¢‚©‚ç‚Å‚ ‚éB‚±‚̂悤‚ÈŽd—l‚ð’ñˆÄ‚µƒtƒHƒ“ƒgƒ[ƒJ[‚Ì”ŽÐ‚ÉÚG‚µ‚½Œ‹‰ÊAƒ_ƒCƒiƒ‰ƒuŽÐi‘ä˜pE“ú–{j‚Ì‚à‚Ì‚ðÌ—p‚µ‚½B‚»‚ê‚Í‚±‚ÌŽd—l‚É]‚Á‚½ƒtƒHƒ“ƒg‚̉ü‘¢‚Æ‘S‚Ă̎šŒ`‚ɑ΂µ‚Ä•iŽ¿‚Ì‚‚¢ƒtƒHƒ“ƒg‚Ì‹Ÿ‹‹‚ª‰Â”\‚Å‚ ‚Á‚½‚©‚ç‚Å‚ ‚éB
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t•Õ˜Ò (Jack Halpern) : @“ú–{Œê‚ÅŽg—p•p“x‚ª‚‚¢Žš‚ɑ΂·‚é“Ç‚Ýî•ñ‚ƈꕔ‚Ì’†‘Œê‚̓ǂÝî•ñ‹y‚шّ̎šî•ñB‚æ‚’m‚ç‚ê‚Ä‚¢‚éŠ¿ŽšŽš“T‚ÆŽš“T•ÒŽ[‚Æo”ł̕ª–ì‚ł̖c‘å‚ÈŒoŒ±B
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